Description:
Discover the historical journey of the Church founded by Christ—from Jerusalem to Rome and finally to the Philippines. Supported by Scripture, Church Fathers, councils, and Catholic history.

Introduction: Did Christ’s Church Survive Through History?

Many people today ask:

“Where was the true Church before my denomination existed?”

Jesus promised something powerful:

“I will build My Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.” (Matthew 16:18)

. . ." I will be with you always, even until the end of the world." (Matthew 28:20)

That means Christ’s Church would not “disappear” for centuries.
So if we want to identify the Church Christ founded, we must follow history.

This article traces the path of the Church:
✅ Jerusalem → Antioch → Rome → the world → the Philippines

Did Christ Found a Church That Endures?

Jesus Christ did not leave behind a book alone; He founded a visible, enduring Church. He declared, “I will build my Church, and the gates of Hades shall not prevail against it” (Matt. 16:18), and St. Paul later called this Church “the pillar and foundation of the truth” (1 Tim. 3:15). From the beginning, Christians understood the Church as a concrete, historical community that would endure through time, not disappear because Jesus Christ promised . . ." I will be with you always, even until the end of the world." (Matthew 28:20), and later reappear centuries afterward.¹²³

¹ Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version, Matthew 16:18; 1 Timothy 3:15.
² Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (London: Penguin Books, 1993), 1–5.
³ J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 5th ed. (London: A & C Black, 1977), 1–10.

✅ PART 1: The Church Begins in Jerusalem (1st Century)

A.D. 33 — Pentecost: The Birth of the Church

The Church began publicly on Pentecost:

“Those who received his word were baptized… about three thousand souls.” (Acts 2:41)

From the start, Christians lived a sacramental and apostolic life:

baptism (Acts 2:38)
communion / breaking of bread (Acts 2:42)
apostolic authority (Acts 1:20–26)

The Church was visible and structured

The Apostles appointed leaders:

bishops/overseers (Titus 1:7)
presbyters/priests (Acts 14:23)
deacons (Acts 6:1–6)

📌 The Church was never intended to be “just invisible believers.”

I. Jerusalem: The Birth of the Church (A.D. 33)

The Church was publicly born on Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit descended upon the Apostles and about three thousand people were baptized in one day (Acts 2). The earliest Christians devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching, the breaking of bread, and the prayers, forming a sacramental and communal life centered on apostolic authority.⁴⁵⁶

From the very beginning, the Church possessed an organized structure. The Apostles exercised leadership and authority, appointed successors, and governed the community in matters of doctrine and discipline. This structure contradicts the modern idea of an unstructured or purely “invisible” church.⁷⁸⁹

⁴ Holy Bible, Acts 2:1–47.
⁵ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Kirsopp Lake (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926), 2.1.
⁶ Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Pentecost,” accessed via Britannica Academic.

⁷ Holy Bible, Acts 1:20–26; Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5–7.
⁸ J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 192–196.
⁹ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed., s.v. “Apostolic Succession.”

A.D. 34–70 — Jerusalem to the Nations

Soon persecution forced Christians outward (Acts 8:1–4).
The Gospel spreads to:

Samaria
Syria
Asia Minor
Greece
and finally Rome

✅ PART 2: Antioch—Where Christians Got Their Name (1st Century)

A.D. 40s — Antioch Becomes a Major Christian Center

Antioch is extremely important:

“And in Antioch the disciples were first called Christians.” (Acts 11:26)

Antioch became a “missionary launch point” for St. Paul’s journeys (Acts 13:1–3).

📌 This shows Christianity spread through organized communities, not random independent groups.

II. From Jerusalem to Antioch: A Missionary Church

Persecution soon forced Christians to leave Jerusalem, spreading the Gospel throughout Judea, Samaria, Syria, and beyond (Acts 8). Antioch became a major center of early Christianity, and it was there that “the disciples were first called Christians” (Acts 11:26). Antioch functioned as a missionary hub, especially for the apostolic missions of St. Paul.¹⁰¹¹¹²

The existence of strong regional churches united in doctrine and sacramental life demonstrates that Christianity spread through organized communities, not independent believers interpreting Scripture on their own.

¹⁰ Holy Bible, Acts 11:19–26.
¹¹ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 3.4.
¹² Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 20–24.

✅ PART 3: Rome—Peter, Paul, and the Center of Unity (1st–2nd Century)

A.D. 60s — Peter and Paul in Rome

Rome becomes central because:

St. Peter and St. Paul preached there
both were martyred in Rome (early Christian memory and tradition)

Why Rome mattered early

Even early Christian writers recognized Rome as a key Church.

📦 Quote Box: Early Church Witness

St. Irenaeus (c. A.D. 180) said that Christians could trace apostolic teaching through the succession of bishops, especially in Rome, because of its pre-eminent origin from the Apostles.
(Against Heresies 3.3.1)

📌 This is huge: it proves early Christians believed in apostolic succession, not “Bible-only Christianity.”

III. Rome: Peter, Paul, and the Center of Unity

By the mid-first century, both St. Peter and St. Paul had preached and suffered martyrdom in Rome. Because of this apostolic foundation, Rome quickly became a focal point of unity for Christians throughout the world. Early Church historians testify to the importance of the Roman Church in preserving apostolic teaching.¹³¹⁴¹⁵

St. Irenaeus of Lyons, writing around A.D. 180, explicitly appealed to the succession of bishops from the Apostles, especially in Rome, as a guarantee of authentic Christian doctrine. This early witness refutes the claim that apostolic authority vanished after the first century.

¹³ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 2.25.
¹⁴ Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies, 3.3.1, in The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994).
¹⁵ Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Papacy” and “Rome, Christianity in.”

A.D. 70–300 — The Church Spreads Under Persecution

For almost 3 centuries, Christians were often persecuted by the Roman Empire. Yet Christianity grew massively.

And the Church remained:
✅ united in faith
✅ guided by bishops
✅ centered on the Eucharist

📦 Quote Box: “Catholic Church” appears early

St. Ignatius of Antioch (c. A.D. 107):
“Where Jesus Christ is, there is the Catholic Church.”
(Smyrnaeans 8)

📌 This is the earliest known use of the phrase “Catholic Church” — just decades after the Apostles.

✅ PART 4: Councils and the Defending of Christian Truth (4th Century)

A.D. 313 — Christianity Legalized

Christianity became legally tolerated, and the Church could evangelize openly.

A.D. 325 — Council of Nicaea

The Church defined foundational Christian belief:

Jesus is fully God
the Trinity is true Christian doctrine

📌 Without this Church authority, Protestants would not even have the official creed of Christianity.

IV. The Church Under Persecution (1st–3rd Centuries)

For nearly three centuries, the Church endured waves of persecution under the Roman Empire. Despite this, Christianity spread rapidly across the Mediterranean world. Bishops, priests, and deacons continued to govern local churches, while unity in doctrine and sacramental worship was maintained across vast distances.¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸

Rather than being corrupted, the Church was purified and strengthened by persecution, producing martyrs whose witness inspired further conversions.

¹⁶ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, Books 4–6.
¹⁷ Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, 40–70.
¹⁸ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. “Persecution.”

✅ PART 5: The Church Reaches the Whole World (5th–15th Century)

From Rome and ancient Christian lands, missionaries spread Christianity into:

Europe
Africa
the Middle East
parts of Asia

Christianity expanded via:
✅ apostolic succession
✅ bishops and priests
✅ sacraments
✅ liturgy and catechesis

V. “Where Jesus Christ Is, There Is the Catholic Church” (2nd Century)

Around A.D. 107, St. Ignatius of Antioch used the phrase “Catholic Church” to describe the universal body of believers united around the bishop. This is the earliest recorded use of the term and shows that the Church already understood itself as one, visible, and universal.¹⁹²⁰²¹

This historical reality challenges the Protestant claim that “Catholicism” was a later medieval invention.

¹⁹ Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Smyrnaeans 8, in The Apostolic Fathers.
²⁰ J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 190–191.
²¹ Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Catholic Church.”

✅ PART 6: Christianity Arrives in the Philippines (A.D. 1521)

A.D. 1521 — The Cross Arrives

The most famous milestone:

March 1521 — Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines

The first recorded Catholic Mass in the Philippines is commonly dated:

March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) in Limasawa (Southern Leyte)

Soon after:

The first baptisms occurred in Cebu
The devotion to the Santo Niño began

📌 So Christianity in the Philippines was not a “new religion”—it was the continuation of the Church that began in Jerusalem and developed through Rome.

VI. Councils and the Defense of Christian Truth (4th Century)

After Christianity was legalized in the fourth century, the Church convened ecumenical councils to defend and define the faith against heresies. The Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) solemnly defined the divinity of Christ, producing the Nicene Creed still professed by Christians today.²²²³²⁴

Without these councils, there would be no authoritative definition of the Trinity or the full divinity of Christ—doctrines accepted by Protestants themselves.

²² Nicene Creed, A.D. 325.
²³ J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 215–260.
²⁴ The New Catholic Encyclopedia, 2nd ed., s.v. “Ecumenical Councils.”

VII. The Bible and the Authority of the Church

The New Testament canon was not formally recognized until the late fourth century, through councils guided by apostolic tradition. The Church existed before the New Testament was completed and discerned which writings were inspired.²⁵²⁶²⁷

This historical fact undermines the doctrine of sola Scriptura, since Scripture itself depends on the authority of the Church for its canon.

²⁵ Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 246–259.
²⁶ F.F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1988), 95–120.
²⁷ Catechism of the Catholic Church, no. 120.

VIII. The Great Schism (A.D. 1054)

In 1054, longstanding cultural and theological tensions resulted in a formal split between the Churches of East and West. Both the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church retained apostolic succession, sacraments, and ancient liturgy.²⁸²⁹³⁰

Notably, Protestantism did not yet exist at this point in history.

²⁸ Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “East–West Schism.”
²⁹ Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 432–450.
³⁰ The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. “Schism of 1054.”

IX. The Protestant Reformation (16th Century)

The Protestant Reformation introduced new principles such as sola Scriptura and the concept of an “invisible church.” These ideas were unknown to the early Church and are absent from the writings of the Church Fathers.³¹³²³³

Historically, Protestant communities cannot trace their origins continuously back to the Apostles in the way the Catholic Church can.

³¹ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), 1–25.
³² Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Protestantism.”
³³ Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition, vol. 4 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1–30.

X. Development of Doctrine, Not Corruption

The Church has always distinguished between corruption and authentic doctrinal development. St. Vincent of Lérins taught that true development preserves the same faith, meaning, and judgment. This principle was later articulated in depth by John Henry Newman.³⁴³⁵³⁶

Development explains how the Church grows in understanding without abandoning apostolic truth.

³⁴ Vincent of Lérins, Commonitorium 23.
³⁵ Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition, vol. 1, 1–15.
³⁶ Catechism of the Catholic Church, nos. 94–95.

XI. From Rome to the Philippines (A.D. 1521)

Christianity reached the Philippines in 1521 with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. The first recorded Mass was celebrated on Easter Sunday in Limasawa, marking the entry of the same apostolic Church—originating in Jerusalem and unified through Rome—into Philippine history.³⁷³⁸³⁹

Thus, Filipino Catholicism is not a foreign invention but a continuation of the universal Church founded by Christ.

³⁷ John N. Schumacher, S.J., Readings in Philippine Church History (Quezon City: Loyola School of Theology, 1987), 1–12.
³⁸ Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People (Quezon City: Garotech Publishing, 1990), 42–48.
³⁹ National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP), “First Mass in the Philippines,” official publications.

Conclusion: One Church, One Continuous History

History shows an unbroken line from the Apostles to the present. The Church founded in Jerusalem, unified through Rome, and brought to the Philippines in the sixteenth century is the same Church that preserved the faith, defined the canon of Scripture, and defended Christian doctrine for two thousand years. As John Henry Newman famously observed, “To be deep in history is to cease to be Protestant.”⁴⁰⁴¹

⁴⁰ John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1845), Introduction.
⁴¹ Justo L. González, The Story of Christianity, vol. 1 (New York: HarperOne, 2010), 1–8.

Footnotes (Chicago Style)

Holy Bible, New Revised Standard Version, Matthew 16:18; 1 Timothy 3:15.
Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (London: Penguin Books, 1993), 1–5.
J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 5th ed. (London: A & C Black, 1977), 1–10.
Holy Bible, Acts 2:1–47.
Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, trans. Kirsopp Lake (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926), 2.1.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Pentecost.”
Holy Bible, Acts 1:20–26; Acts 14:23; Titus 1:5–7.
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 192–196.
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd ed., s.v. “Apostolic Succession.”
Holy Bible, Acts 11:19–26.
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 3.4.
Chadwick, The Early Church, 20–24.
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, 2.25.
Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies 3.3.1.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Papacy.”
Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History, Books 4–6.
Chadwick, The Early Church, 40–70.
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. “Persecution.”
Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Smyrnaeans 8.
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 190–191.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Catholic Church.”
Nicene Creed (A.D. 325).
Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 215–260.
New Catholic Encyclopedia, s.v. “Ecumenical Councils.”
Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 246–259.
F.F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1988), 95–120.
Catechism of the Catholic Church, no. 120.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “East–West Schism.”
Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity (London: Penguin, 2010), 432–450.
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. “Schism of 1054.”
Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2004), 1–25.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.v. “Protestantism.”
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition, vol. 4 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 1–30.
Vincent of Lérins, Commonitorium 23.
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition, vol. 1, 1–15.
Catechism of the Catholic Church, nos. 94–95.
John N. Schumacher, S.J., Readings in Philippine Church History (Quezon City: Loyola School of Theology, 1987), 1–12.
Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People (Quezon City: Garotech, 1990), 42–48.
National Historical Commission of the Philippines, “First Mass in the Philippines.”
John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (London, 1845).
Justo L. González, The Story of Christianity, vol. 1 (New York: HarperOne, 2010), 1–8.

✅ Quick Timeline (Jerusalem → Rome → Philippines)

Year	Place	Event
A.D. 33	Jerusalem	Pentecost: Church publicly begins (Acts 2)
A.D. 40s	Antioch	Christians first called “Christians” (Acts 11:26)
A.D. 50–60s	Mediterranean	Paul’s missions plant churches everywhere
A.D. 60s	Rome	Peter & Paul witness in Rome
A.D. 107	Antioch	“Catholic Church” used by Ignatius
A.D. 313	Roman Empire	Christianity legalized
A.D. 325	Nicaea	Council defines Christ’s divinity
A.D. 1054	East/West	Great Schism
A.D. 1521	Philippines	Christianity brought by Spanish expedition

Protestant Objection: “Catholicism was invented later”

This is one of the most common objections.

✅ Answer:

If Catholic Christianity was “invented later,” then:

where was the true Church from A.D. 33 to A.D. 1517?
who preserved the Bible?
who defended the Trinity?
who preserved apostolic succession?

Because:

The Church came before the New Testament was fully compiled.
And it was the historic Church that recognized the canon.

Also:

The earliest Christians believed in bishops, Eucharist, unity, apostolic succession — all Catholic/Orthodox realities.

Conclusion: One Church, One Mission, One Faith—Reaching the Philippines

The story is clear:

✅ The Church began in Jerusalem
✅ spread rapidly through Antioch
✅ became universally connected through Rome
✅ survived persecution, councils, and centuries
✅ and finally reached our islands in 1521

So Filipino Catholic faith is not “random tradition”—it is part of a 2,000-year apostolic history.

✅ Standard References (History Books & Encyclopedias)

1) Major Academic Church History Books (Highly Cited)

These are widely used in seminaries and universities:

Henry Chadwick, The Early Church (Penguin History of the Church)
✅ Great for: 1st–4th century overview, persecution, early structure
J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines
✅ Great for: Trinity, Christology, councils, doctrinal development
Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History (Primary source, 4th century)
✅ Great for: earliest historical records of bishops, martyrdom, Church growth
Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (5 vols.)
✅ Great for: how doctrine developed over centuries
Justo L. González, The Story of Christianity (Vol. 1 & 2)
✅ Great for: readable but scholarly; broad Church timeline
Diarmaid MacCulloch, A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years
✅ Great for: big-picture history, East/West, Reformation, global Christianity

2) Primary Sources: Apostolic Fathers & Early Fathers

These are direct early Christian writings:

The Apostolic Fathers (collection)
Includes: 1 Clement, Ignatius of Antioch, Polycarp, Didache
✅ Great for: early Church authority, bishops, unity, Eucharistic belief
St. Justin Martyr, First Apology (2nd century)
✅ Great for: early Mass/Eucharist description
St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies
✅ Great for: apostolic succession and Rome’s prominence
St. Cyprian of Carthage, On the Unity of the Catholic Church
✅ Great for: unity + authority in the Church

3) Standard Encyclopedias (Very Credible for Quick Citations)

Encyclopaedia Britannica
✅ Great for: articles on Christianity, Catholic Church, Great Schism, Protestant Reformation, Philippines—Christianity
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (ODCC)
✅ Great for: bishops, councils, early doctrines, historical terms
The New Catholic Encyclopedia
✅ Great for: councils, Church Fathers, sacraments, history topics
The Encyclopedia of Christianity (Erwin Fahlbusch, ed.)
✅ Great for: broad scholarly entries and global Christianity

4) Bible Canon / Early Christianity Standard References

These are commonly cited in debates:

F.F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture
✅ Great for: why the canon formed through Church authority
Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance
✅ Great for: scholarly history of the New Testament canon
Larry Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity
✅ Great for: earliest worship of Jesus, early Christian identity

5) Philippine Church History (To Support “Rome → Philippines”)

These are standard in Philippine religious/history studies:

John N. Schumacher, S.J., Readings in Philippine Church History
✅ Great for: Spanish era evangelization sources and early missions
Teodoro A. Agoncillo, History of the Filipino People
✅ Great for: national history context of Spanish arrival (including Magellan)
Zaide, Philippine History and Government (common school reference)
✅ Helpful: basic timeline references (though less academic than Schumacher/Agoncillo)
NHCP (National Historical Commission of the Philippines) publications/articles
✅ Great for: verified Philippine historical markers and dates

References & Further Reading

Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. Penguin Books.
Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. A&C Black.
Eusebius of Caesarea. Ecclesiastical History. (4th century primary source).
Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. University of Chicago Press.
González, Justo L. The Story of Christianity. HarperOne.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. Penguin Books.
Bruce, F.F. The Canon of Scripture. InterVarsity Press.
Metzger, Bruce M. The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance. Oxford University Press.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Entries on Early Christianity, Great Schism, Protestant Reformation, Christianity in the Philippines.
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press.
Schumacher, John N., S.J. Readings in Philippine Church History. Loyola School of Theology.
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People.

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