Introduction: A Question Many Protestants Cannot Easily Answer
One of the most powerful yet often overlooked passages in Christian apologetics is Matthew 28:20, where Jesus concludes the Great Commission with a profound promise:
“And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.”
This statement raises a crucial theological and historical question:
If Christ promised to remain with His Church until the end of time, where was that Church before the Protestant Reformation?
This question becomes particularly significant when examining the claims of Protestant denominations that emerged in the sixteenth century and later. The Catholic Church argues that this promise implies the perpetual and visible continuity of the Church founded by Christ—a doctrine known as indefectibility.
1. The Context of Matthew 28:20: The Great Commission
The promise in Matthew 28:20 occurs within the Great Commission:
“Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you; and behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:19–20)
Jesus gives the Apostles three specific missions:
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Teach all nations
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Administer baptism
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Preserve and transmit His teachings
The promise of His presence is directly connected to this mission.
This is not merely a spiritual reassurance to individual believers but a promise attached to the teaching authority of the Apostles and their successors.
2. The Apostles Could Not Personally Live Until the End of the Age
A crucial logical observation must be made.
The Apostles themselves died in the first century:
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Saint Peter – martyred around AD 64–67
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Saint Paul the Apostle – martyred around AD 67
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Saint John the Apostle – died near the end of the first century
Yet Christ promised His presence “until the end of the age.”
Therefore the mission could not end with the Apostles themselves.
The only logical conclusion is that their authority and mission would continue through successors.
This doctrine is known as Apostolic Succession.
3. Apostolic Succession in the Early Church
The earliest Christian writings after the New Testament confirm that the Apostles appointed successors.
St. Clement of Rome (AD 96)
Pope Clement I, writing only decades after the Apostles, explained:
“The Apostles received the Gospel for us from the Lord Jesus Christ… They appointed their first converts… to be bishops and deacons of those who should afterwards believe.”¹
This clearly demonstrates that the Church understood apostolic authority as something that continued after the Apostles' deaths.
St. Irenaeus of Lyons (AD 180)
Another powerful testimony comes from Irenaeus of Lyons:
“We can enumerate those who were appointed bishops by the Apostles and their successors down to our own time.”²
He specifically traced the succession of bishops in Rome from Saint Peter onward, arguing that this continuity preserved the true apostolic faith.
4. The Catholic Doctrine of the Church’s Indefectibility
The Catholic Church teaches that Christ’s promise guarantees that the Church will never disappear or lose the truth of the Gospel.
The Catholic Church calls this the doctrine of indefectibility.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church explains:
“The Church… will receive its perfection only in the glory of heaven… until that day, the Church advances on her pilgrimage amid the persecutions of the world and the consolations of God.”³
Christ sustains the Church through the Holy Spirit, ensuring that it will remain faithful to the apostolic mission.
5. Historical Continuity from the Apostles
The Catholic Church traces its leadership continuously from the Apostles.
For example:
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Saint Peter – first Bishop of Rome
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Linus
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Anacletus
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Clement I
This succession continues through the centuries to the present pope:
Pope Francis
This historical continuity directly corresponds with Christ’s promise in Matthew 28:20.
6. The Historical Problem for Protestantism
Most Protestant denominations emerged during the Protestant Reformation, beginning in 1517.
Key figures include:
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Martin Luther
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John Calvin
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Henry VIII
This raises a difficult historical question.
If Christ promised His Church would exist continuously from the first century until the end of time, where was the Protestant Church for the first 1500 years of Christian history?
Two possibilities exist:
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Christ’s promise failed.
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The Church already existed before the Reformation.
The Catholic position argues that the second option is the only historically and theologically coherent one.
7. The Early Church Did Not Teach Protestant Doctrines
Historical evidence also shows that the earliest Christians held beliefs that align more closely with Catholic teaching than with later Protestant doctrines.
For example, the early Church believed in:
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Apostolic succession
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The authority of bishops
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The Eucharist as the real body and blood of Christ
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The authority of Church tradition
These teachings appear clearly in early Christian writings such as the Didache, Ignatius of Antioch, and Irenaeus.
8. A Powerful Debate Question from Matthew 28:20
The argument can be summarized in a single debate challenge:
If Jesus promised to remain with His Church until the end of time (Matthew 28:20), and your church began in the 1500s, where was your church during the first 1500 years of Christianity?
This question forces a historical examination of Christian continuity.
Conclusion
Christ’s promise in Matthew 28:20 is not merely a comforting statement. It is a historical and theological claim.
It implies that:
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Christ’s Church would continue through history
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Its teaching authority would persist beyond the Apostles
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The Gospel would be preserved through apostolic succession
The Catholic Church uniquely fulfills these criteria through its continuous historical lineage, doctrinal preservation, and global mission.
Thus, the promise of Christ—“I am with you always, to the end of the age”—finds its most compelling historical fulfillment in the enduring life of the Catholic Church.
Footnotes (Chicago Style)
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Clement of Rome, First Epistle to the Corinthians, 42–44.
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Irenaeus of Lyons, Against Heresies, Book III, Chapter 3.
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Catechism of the Catholic Church, §769.
